Title Head: MOTHER, CHILD AND SUBSTANCE USE
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Alesssandri. S.M. (1993). Learning and emotional responsivity in cocaine-exposed infants. Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 989-997.
This book gives the reader an opportunity to understand the difficulties encountered by exposed children in learning a new language. These children have problems with language development caused by cognitive difficulties and as such they mostly experience delayed language development. This book is very useful in a case dealing with the linguistic characteristics of exposed children as it identifies the problems that they undergo in mustering language and as such they are slower in learning a new language. Children of their age who are unexposed are used as the control group for reliable results. Children whose mothers do not use substance, for example cocaine, do not experience these problems.
Alessandri, S. M, (1998). Cognitive functioning in 8- to 18-month old drug-exposed infants; U Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Inst for the Study of Child Development, New Brunswick, NJ, US
Source: Developmental Psychology, Vol 34(3), May, 1998. pp. 565-573
Publisher: US: American Psychological Association. ISSN: 0012-1649
Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=dev-34-3-565&site=ehost-live
Cognitive functioning of children aged 8 months to one year and a half is examined and helps identify the cause of cognitive difficulties in these children as prenatal drug exposure, with cocaine as the sample drug of the study. It identifies that the fetal brain is affected due to maternal drug use leading to postnatal cognitive difficulties in infants. The article is very useful in understanding most of the cognitive problems exhibited by children exposed to drugs. Postnatal brain impairment is shown as the cause of information-processing and problem-solving difficulties in children who were exposed to drugs at fetal stage. They take longer time to acquire language than does their counterparts whose mothers do not abuse drugs.
Alessandri, S.M, (1993). Learning and emotional responsivity in cocaine-exposed infants; Medical Coll of Pennsylvania Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Inst, Div of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Philadelphia, US
Source: Developmental Psychology, Vol 29(6), Nov, 1993. pp. 989-997
Publisher: US: American Psychological Association ISSN: 0012-1649
Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=dev-29-6-989&site=ehost-live
The article is useful as it examines a sample of exposed 4-8 month-old infants with reference to maternal demographic characteristics as well as use of other drugs apart from cocaine. This study demonstrates a decrease in birth length and mean birth weight in infants who are exposed t cocaine; arousal is less and less interest and joy in learning. During extinction, they show less sadness and anger. Contrary to expectations, these cocaine-exposed children do not show an increase in terms of instrumental responding. It also examines the impact of maternal smoking and alcohol use, maternal stress and depression using descriptive statistics which makes it highly reliable. It is exhaustive as it compares the characteristics of exposed and non-exposed children.
Bada, H at al, (2007. (February 2007. Impact of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Child Behavior Problems Through School Age. Pediatrics, 119 (2), e348-e359.
The book is very useful to the topic of mothers, children and substance use as it talks about children who have been exposed to drug and their behavior especially in school where most the difficulties that they exhibit are explained in a comprehensive way. It is useful in identifying these children, knowing the depth of their problems and the way in which they can be helped to adapt to normal behavior and improve their performance in school.
Bauer, C.R, et al, (2005). Acute Neonatal Effects of Cocaine Exposure During Pregnancy. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159, 824-834.
This book gives a detailed analysis of the effects of exposure to cocaine to a fetus whose mother uses cocaine and other hard drugs and alcohol. The book helps in understanding the consequences of cocaine to the child’s brain. The book is useful in explaining the characteristics that exposed children have that are not common to the other children who have not had any form of exposure to drugs especially during pregnancy.
Behnke, M, et al, (2006). Outcome from a Prospective, Longitudinal Study of Prenatal Cocaine Use: Preschool Development at 3 Years of Age. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31 (1), 41-49.
The book explains behavior exhibited by children of three years of age who have been exposed to cocaine and the behavior they exhibit. The children of this age are shown as different from those who have not had any exposure to drugs before they were born and the book explains the differences. These children have difficulties coping with others due to their exposure to cocaine at pregnancy and after birth.
Bendersky, M, (1998). Arousal modulation in cocaine-exposed infants. U Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey–RobertWoodJohnsonMedicalSchool, Inst for the Study of Child Development, New Brunswick, NJ, US.
Source: Developmental Psychology, Vol 34(3), May, 1998. pp. 555-564. Publisher. US: American Psychological Association. ISSN: 0012-1649.
The book was picked as it examines arousal regulation with reference to prenatal cocaine exposure. It takes a sample of 107 infants aged four years and still-face procedure is used to examine them. The results are very reliable. The book is very relevant to the study of substance use in mothers and its effects to their children. It examines the effects of drugs on fatal development. By coding facial expressions, it is able to identify the children who have been exposed and highlights the dangers of exposure to these infants as they show docility and less joy in relating with their mothers. These findings will assist in explaining maladjustments in children whose mothers abused drugs during the child’s infancy.
Bennett, D.S. (2002). Children’s intellectual and emotional-behavioral adjustment at 4 years as a function of cocaine exposure, maternal characteristics, and environmental risk. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 648-658.
Cocaine exposure to children aged four years is tackled with reference to the mother’s characteristics as well as the environment these children are exposed to and how the two affect the psychological growth of the child. The book explains more about the problems these children go thorough especially due to neglect of the substance abusing mothers and the impact of the harsh environment they are exposed to. The children are shown to undergo many risks from the immediate environment as a result of n3glect from their mothers who are absorbed in drugs.
Bennett, D.S, (July 2008). Children’s cognitive ability from 4 to 9 years old as a function of prenatal cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and maternal verbal intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 919-928.
Cognition in children has been a difficult topic especially for teachers and caregivers and this book can be of great help to the researcher to understand the problems children aged between 4 and 9 years. The book tackles the issue of cognition in children of this age and helps in understanding the problems exposed children undergo as well as the ways in which they can be helped with their problem.
Bennett, D.S. (July 2008). Children’s cognitive ability from 4 to 9 years old as a function of prenatal cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and maternal verbal intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 919-928.
The book explores the cognitive functioning of children aged four and nine years. It helps the researcher as it identifies the cause of cognitive difficulties in these children who are victims of exposure to drugs at prenatal stage using a cross- section of mothers who used cocaine during pregnancy. It identifies the effects of the drug to the brain of the fetus that later leads to most cognitive difficulties children who were exposed show during this age. The book is resourceful as it helps in understanding the problems these children have specifically with cognition. It states that it is as a result of postnatal brain impairment that the information-processing and problem-solving capabilities in these children are reduced leading to difficulties in cognition within this group. This book is very important for a case study on children who were exposed to drugs and their cognitive abilities at a later age.
Deanley-Black, v et al, (2000). Teacher-Assessed Behavior of Children Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine. Pediatrics; Oct2000, Vol. 106 Issue 4, p782, 10p, 4 Graphs
Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; ISSN: 00314005
Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hch&AN=3685874&site=ehost-live
The book has been chosen because it contains very useful findings on the study of the connection between prenatal drug use and the alterations that are evident in neonatal behavior. It contains a comprehensive evaluation of school-age behavior with relation to prenatal exposure to drugs, more specifically cocaine. The externalizing-internalizing scores of children who were prenatally exposed to drugs are higher. The study shows that a child’s exposure to drugs, even at a prenatal stage, is responsible for most of the behavior problems in children whose parents used drugs during pregnancy. It helps a lot in understanding why intervention in these children may not help much at a post-natal stage, as the damage is already been done at fetal stage.
Doris, J, et al, (2006). Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Child Welfare Outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 11 (4), 326-337.
The topic of exposure to drugs to the child at prenatal stage is studied with the repercussions of the mother’s lack of attendance as well as maltreatment to the child after birth being shown as having adverse affects the child’s growth, mostly psychologically. It helps in understanding the characteristics exposed children have and the reasons. Maltreatment ranks as the worst kind of problems the child whose mother is an addict of hard drugs, mostly cocaine, undergoes as the mother can not find enough time due to attend to the child.
Eiden,. R.D, (2006). Conceptual model for maternal behavior among polydrug cocaine-using mothers: The role of postnatal cocaine use and maternal depression. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(1), 1-10.
The book contains very vital information for a person doing research on the topic of the role played by drugs in depression especially to women who also happen to be mothers. Using cocaine as the sample drug, the book looks at the role played by drugs in bringing stress to mothers who abuse drugs. The mothers are shown to undergo posttraumatic stress disorder which makes it difficult for them to give adequate care to their children. The importance of this article its emphasis on the difficulties these children go through by being exposed to unfavorable environments, change of care gives and lack of maternal attention which greatly affects the child’s development.
Eiden, R. D, (2006). Conceptual model for maternal behavior among polydrug cocaine-using mothers: The role of postnatal cocaine use and maternal depression; Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, US, eiden@ria.buffalo.edu
Source: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol 20(1), Mar, 2006. pp. 1-10
Publisher: US: American Psychological Association.
Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=adb-20-1-1&site=ehost-live
This article is very resourceful as the topic of mother child relations is tackled comprehensively and all related factors like maternal behavior, polydrug use, substance use, childhood history, infant birth weight, mother infant interactions and maternal psychopathology are looked at. It explains postpartum depression and sensitivity in mothers who use substance by concentrating on the postnatal period for accuracy. Developmental problems in drug-exposed children are examined. Parenting difficulties and difficult maternal behavior as a result of drug use are pointed out as the major cause. Questionnaires are used during the study and the data is highly reliable and can therefore be used in the study on mothers, children and substance use.
Eiden, R, D, (1999). Maternal cocaine use and the care-giving environment during early childhood: New York State Office of Alcoholism & Substance Abuse Services, Research Inst on Addictions, Buffalo, NY, US. Educational
Publishing Foundation, US.
Source: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol 13(4), Dec, 1999. pp. 293-302.
Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=adb-13-4-293&site=ehost-live
This article relevant as it examines cocaine-using mothers aged 19-45 with infants aged 2-69 months to determine the quality and aspects of the environment under which the children are cared for. It identifies that the caregiving environment is usually a negative one, which explains difficulties in child development often found in children whose mothers abuse drugs due to factors like abandonment. The posttraumatic stress disorder in such mothers is also explained. The importance of this article its emphasis on the difficulties these children go through by being exposed to unfavorable environments, change of care gives and lack of maternal attention which greatly affects the child’s development.
Hien, D. A, (2003). Emotion-focused coping as a mediator of maternal cocaine abuse and antisocial behavior: Columbia U, School of Social Work, New York, NY, US.
Source: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol 17(1), Mar, 2003. pp. 49-55
Publisher: US: Educational Publishing Foundation.
Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=adb-17-1-49&site=ehost-live
This article is useful as it tackles the issues of maternal cocaine addiction, prenatal exposure with relation of emotion-focused coping, adult antisocial behavior with relation to exposure during infancy, depression, violence, inner city mothers, abuse victimization and lower income. The study identifies the link between parental substance use and antisocial behavior in adults who were exposed during infancy. Maltreatment and neglect during infancy is the greatest cause of antisocial behavior later in adulthood. By using non-drug abusers as the control group, the results are very reliable and are suitable for use in the study on how substance abuse in mothers affects children. It is unbiased as the study groups are compared based on demographic characteristics.
Humphries, D. (February 1998). Crack Mothers at 6: Prime-Time News, Crack/Cocaine, and Women. Violence Against Women, 4 (1), 45-61.
The topic of the violence drug-using mothers go through has not been given much attention but this book deals with violence by and against women who abuse drugs using a sample of women who use crack cocaine and a similar number of women who do not use drugs as the control group. The results show increased incidences of violence against women who use crack cocaine as they expose themselves to dangerous situations and hence are prone to many dangers associated with drugs. Their children also suffer as a result as they do not get the required attention.
Linares, T. J, (2006).Mental Health Outcomes of Cocaine-Exposed Children at 6 Years of Age. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31 (1), 85-97.
This book has been identified for the comprehensive research it contains about the mental health of exposed children by the time they reach six years. It is useful in identifying the abnormalities in their behavior as compared to other children who were not exposed to drugs. A research done in children of this age and who were exposed to drugs shows that they have mental problems and find it difficult to adjust to the society. Children of the same age are used as a control to get reliable results. The two pairs, of exposed and non-exposed children, show completely different characteristics in terms of metal capabilities. The writer identifies that that cocaine exposure affects the mental functioning of the child. These findings are very useful in the research on mothers, children and substance use.
Smith, D. K, (2007). Child Maltreatment and Foster Care: Unpacking the Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Parental Substance Use. Child Maltreatment, 12 (2), 150-160.
The writer of this book tries to look at the characteristics shown by children whose mothers are drug addicts and the impact these drugs have on the children as a result of neglect from the mothers. The use of cocaine causes mothers to lack the time to take care of for children. It is useful in identifying the effects of postnatal drug use especially on the child due to lack of maternal care and love. These children suffer psychological and physical problems as their mothers neglect them as well as subjecting them to physical harm like beating and failure to provide for the basic needs. It also helps in identifying the problems these children go through in foster care as their mothers are unavailable. As a result, the children are tortured by uncaring caregivers who do not care much and the children go through physical and psychological torture.
Sun-Mi, & Covington, C.Y, (2009). Biobehavioral Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults who are Mentally Exposed to Cocaine: Evidence From Animal Models. Biological Research for Nursing, 10 (4), 318-330.
Many researchers in the subject of drug abuse have studied this topic for long enough without coming out with a clear conclusion on how exposure of children to drugs determines their later life as young adults. Maltreatment and neglect during infancy is the greatest cause of antisocial behavior later in adulthood. By using non-drug abusers as the control group, the results are very reliable and are suitable for use in the study on how substance abuse in mothers affects children. It is unbiased as the study groups are compared based on demographic characteristics.