POLITICAL ISSUES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

STUDY THEME 1A: GOVERNMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN SCOTLAND [You should answer all four parts of this question.] Question 1 (a) The First Minister has many powers in the Scottish Government. Describe, in detail, two powers of the First Minister in the Scottish Government. (4 marks) (b) Explain, in detail, why some people believe that devolution is the best way to make decisions in Scotland AND explain, in detail, why some people believe that independence is the best way to make decisions in Scotland. (6 marks) Some people believe that devolution is the best way to make decisions in Scotland while some people believe that independence is the best way to make decisions in Scotland.

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Question 1 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 SNP take charge in the Scottish Parliament The Additional Member System is used to elect the Scottish Parliament. Its supporters claim it is broadly proportional which means the Parliament should be representative of the political views of the country and does not allow one party to have too much power. Its opponents claim it is complicated and usually results in a coalition or minority government. The election held in May 2011 was unusual as it resulted in the winning party having an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament by winning more than half of the 129 MSPs. For the first time, two ethnic minority MSPs were elected, making up 1·5% of the Parliament. The number of female MSPs also rose to 45, which is 35% of the total and the first female Presiding Officer, Tricia Marwick MSP, was chosen. The SNP Government has been criticised by some MSPs as it has taken the majority of places in all the committees of the Scottish Parliament and 8 out of 14 of the convenorships of these committees, leaving Labour in charge of three and the Conservatives one. The Green Party has lost control of the one committee it convened in the last Parliament. In the weekly First Minister’s Questions, only the Labour and Conservative leaders are called each week to ask questions, with the leader of the Liberal Democrats only called every two weeks. The SNP claim these arrangements are fair and represent the strength of the party in the Parliament. The other parties say it shows the SNP Government using its majority to force their policies through the Parliament. SOURCE 2 Gender and Racial Profile of Scotland 2011 Scottish Parliament Election 2011

Parties in the Percentage (%) share Scottish Parliament of the vote Male 49% SNP 44·0% Female 51% Labour White Ethnic Minority 96% 4% Conservative Liberal Democrat Green Others 26·3% 12·4% 5·2% 4·4% 7·7%

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Question 1 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Composition of the Scottish Parliament 2011

Percentage % of MSPs after election in 2011

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% SNP 15 MSPs 69 MSPs 37 MSPs Majority Government

5 MSPs

2 MSPs Green

1 MSP Others

Labour Conservative Lib Dem

The election result of 2011 produced a Scottish Parliament which was representative of the Scottish population. View of Brian Moore Using Sources 1, 2 and 3, explain why Brian Moore is being selective in the use of facts. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources above and opposite. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks)

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Question 1 (continued) (d) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Trade Unions Trade unions are some of the most important and powerful pressure groups in the UK today, although some people claim their influence is declining. Trade unions are often seen only as organisations of workers aiming to improve pay and conditions in the workplace. However, an increasing part of the work of trade unions is about influencing and putting pressure on the Scottish Government, local councils, the UK Government and the European Union (EU). Government policies and laws made in the Scottish and UK Parliaments and the EU have a major impact on the lives of trade union members in and out of the workplace. Members expect their trade unions to campaign and apply pressure on their behalf. Some have been critical of the “political” and campaigning role of the trade union movement. They feel that trade unions should only be concerned with workplace related issues such as pay, working hours and health and safety. Trade unions, which only represent a minority of the workforce, and an even smaller percentage of the population as a whole, should not be using their power to put pressure on democratically elected governments. The strong links between trade unions and the Labour Party give them an influence in policy making. However, this may mean that they will not work in a positive way with other parties such as the SNP, the Conservatives or the Liberal Democrats. Trade unions are very important as they allow workers to get together and make their voice heard. They allow people to participate in the decision making process which affects their everyday lives both in and out of the workplace. The pressure trade unions can put on government, at all levels, is vital in a time when government is cutting spending on public services and making changes to the welfare state. Government decisions about pensions have led to one of the biggest trade union campaigns for many years. SOURCE 2 Trade Union Membership by Region Region Percentage of workers in trade unions 2010 32·3% 25·2% 34·5% 35·7% 26·6% Percentage change since 2009 +0·5% –?0·9% –?0·9% –?4·2% –?0·8% Result of Public Survey in Scotland Public-sector workers are right to take strike action to protect their pension plans Yes No Don’t know 49% 34% 17% The public-sector strikes will not change government policy on spending cuts Yes No Don’t know 50% 18% 31%

Scotland England Wales NI UK

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Question 1 (d) (continued) SOURCE 3 UNISON in Scotland Factfile • • • • • • • UNISON is Britain’s and Europe’s biggest public sector union with more than 1·3 million members—around 150,000 of those in Scotland. UNISON uses many methods such as lobbying, demonstrations, use of the media and the Internet to campaign for its members’ interests. UNISON has a political fund which they use to support the Labour Party as well as general lobbying and political work. Governments say they must make decisions in the best interests of the country as a whole and not only listen to large trade unions like UNISON. In 2011, UNISON was involved in a range of campaigns such as: Equal and Fair Pay; Anti-Racism; Pensions; Green Workplace and Environment; Domestic Abuse. As a result of UNISON’s lobbying, the Labour Party has adopted many areas of policy, such as the National Minimum Wage. As public-sector workers, UNISON members have been affected by government policies which have cut public spending; frozen public sector wages and increased the cost of pension schemes.

Unison members demonstrate for public services in Scotland. Trade unions are effective pressure groups in Scotland. View of Jack Jones sing Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, give two reasons to support and two reasons U to oppose the view of Jack Jones. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW GO TO SECTION B ON PAGE 15 [X236/11/01] Page seven

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STUDY THEME 1B: GOVERNMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT [You should answer all four parts of this question.] Question 2 (a) The Prime Minister has many powers in the UK Government. Describe, in detail, two powers of the Prime Minister in the UK Government. (4 marks)

(b)

Some people believe that all members of the House of Lords should be elected by the public. Explain, in detail, why some people believe that all members of the House of Lords should be elected AND explain, in detail, why some people believe that all members of the House of Lords should not be elected. (6 marks)

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Question 2 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Conservative/Liberal Democrats take charge in UK Parliament The First Past the Post voting system is used to elect the House of Commons. Its supporters claim it is simple and easy to understand and usually results in a majority government being elected. Its opponents claim it is unfair as it does not produce a proportional result, meaning that it does not represent the political views of the country and gives the winning party too much power. The election held in May 2010 was unusual as it did not give the winning party an overall majority in Parliament by winning more than half of the 650 MPs. A coalition government made up of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats was formed to run the country. A record number of MPs from ethnic minority communities were elected—up from 14 to 27, making up just over 4% of the Parliament. The first female Muslim MPs were elected. The number of female MPs rose to an all-time high of 141, rising from 19·5% of MPs to 22%. An important part of the work of the House of Commons is the scrutiny of the work of the Government by Select Committees who check the work of Government departments. They each have at least 11 members and are made up in proportion to the parties’ strength in Parliament so the coalition government partners have a majority in all the committees. Since 2010, the chairperson of each Select Committee has been elected by all MPs, rather than being chosen by the Government. Because of this, it is felt by many that the committees can do a better job in representing the people of the country, as back-bench MPs are better able to represent the views of the people of the UK. SOURCE 2 Gender and Racial Profile of the United Kingdom 2010 Male Female 49% 51% UK Parliament Election 2010 Parties in the House of Commons Conservative Labour White Ethnic Minority 92% 8% Liberal Democrat UKIP SNP Others Percentage (%) share of the vote 36·1% 29·0% 23·0% 3·1% 1·7% 5·2%

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Question 2 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Composition of the House of Commons 2010

Percentage % of MPs after election in 2010

50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Conservative Liberal Democrat Labour 57 MPs 0 MPs UKIP 306 MPs 258 MPs

Coalition Government

6 MPs SNP

23 MPs

Others

The election result of 2010 produced a House of Commons which was representative of the UK population. View of Kelly Gould Using Sources 1, 2 and 3, explain why Kelly Gould is being selective in the use of facts. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources above and opposite. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks)

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Question 2 (continued) (d) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 General Election 2010 and the Media The 2010 election led to the formation of a coalition Government of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, led by Prime Minister, David Cameron. It was predicted that the 2010 Election would be the one in which the Internet and social media became important. However, more traditional forms of the media were still the most important source of information and the most influential. Newspapers in the UK still have a very high level of readership and continue to show their support for the political party of their choice. It has been suggested that newspapers play a leading role in elections as they set the agenda of what political issues will be discussed. New forms of social media such as Facebook, blogs and Twitter mean that nowadays, political news and gossip can spread very quickly. It is often here that news stories begin, although it is still only a minority who use these forms of media. For many voters, a story does not become important until it is printed in a newspaper or reported on TV. In the 2010 election, for the first time in the UK, leadership debates were held and shown on television. This increased the importance of television as voters’ main source of information about politics. Television is also more trusted than other forms of media. The BBC scores very highly with well over 80% of viewers saying they trust the BBC to tell the truth. Britain has a wide variety of newspapers, millions of people read at least one newspaper every day although some newspapers are trusted more than others. Some surveys show that although the newspapers support particular parties, this does not have much influence on the eventual result as most readers already share the same point of view as the newspaper they read. For example, 65% of Daily Telegraph readers said they would vote Conservative, while 67% of Daily Mirror readers pledged to vote Labour. SOURCE 2 Selected UK Daily Newspapers Circulation of Newspaper The Guardian Daily Telegraph The Times Daily Mail Daily Express Daily Mirror The Sun [X236/11/01] 279,308 651,184 457,250 2,136,568 639,875 1,194,097 3,001,822 Page twelve Percentage (%) of readers who trust what they read in their newspaper 94% 93% 89% 67% 62% 55% 29%

Question 2 (d) (continued) SOURCE 3 Media and Elections Factfile • • A recent survey revealed that political parties are attracting younger voters using social networking and online media sites. Most daily newspapers supported the Conservative Party in the election in 2010 although the Daily Mirror supported Labour, the Guardian supported the Liberal Democrats, while the Independent did not support any party. The circulation of almost all newspapers has been falling in recent years. The telephone hacking scandal of 2011, involving the News of the World, led to a further decline in the public’s trust of newspapers. Most newspapers now have their own websites, so do not rely only on their printed versions to get their message across. In the 2010 election, 88% of the parties had a social media presence (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and MySpace were the most popular). 68% of younger voters said they still prefer to read newspapers and online news and follow the debates on TV rather than use social networking for information about the election.

• • • • •

Election day front pages of The Sun and the Daily Mirror

Newspapers play a big part in deciding the result of UK elections. View of Gary Olson sing Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, give two reasons to support and two reasons U to oppose the view of Gary Olson. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW GO TO SECTION B ON PAGE 15

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SECTION B – SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Answer ONE question only: Question 3 Study Theme 2A – Equality in Society: Wealth and Health in the United Kingdom on pages 15–17 OR Question 4 Study Theme 2B – Crime and the Law in Society on pages 19–21

TUDY THEME 2A: EQUALITY IN SOCIETY: WEALTH AND HEALTH IN S THE UNITED KINGDOM [You should answer all three parts of this question.] Question 3 (a) Living in poverty has a big effect on children. Describe, in detail, the effects of living in poverty on children. (6 marks) (b) Health in Scotland can be improved by government policies and individual actions.

Explain, in detail, the ways in which health in Scotland can be improved by government policies and individual actions. (8 marks)

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Question 3 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. You are an adviser to the Government. You have been asked to recommend whether the Government should increase the state pension age to 68 years. Option 1 The Government should increase the state pension age to 68 years. SOURCE 1 Facts and Viewpoints The Government is considering increasing the age at which people can receive the state pension from 65 to 68 years. • • • Life expectancy has risen considerably since pensions were first introduced; more people are living longer and claiming pensions for longer. The UK Government spent just over £122 billion on pensions in 2011; each year this figure continues to rise. If the pension age is increased to 68 years, approximately 2·6 million women and 2·3 million men in the UK will have to wait longer than expected to receive their state pension. There is a gap in life expectancy between men and women. Many believe that if people work longer it will help the economy as they will still be paying tax on their income and not claiming a pension. Due to the economic crisis, the Government needs to reduce its debt, which was over £900 billion in 2011. The National Audit Office estimated that £1·162 trillion was spent on bailing out the banks at various points between 2007 and 2011. Forcing people to work longer will mean fewer opportunities for young people getting into work. SOURCE 2 Current pension age and planned pension age in selected European countries Country France Germany Italy Greece Austria Netherlands UK [X236/11/01] Current Pension Age (Years) 60 65 60 65 (male) 60 (female) 65 (male) 62 (female) 65 65 Page sixteen Planned Pension Age (Years) 62 67 65 65 (all) No change 66 68 Option 2 The Government should not increase the state pension age to 68 years.

• • • • •

Question 3 (c) (continued) SOURCE 2 (continued)
Life Expectancy in Scotland 82 80 78 Age 76 74 72 70 68 2000 2002 2004 Year 2006 2008 Don’t know 11% Males Females Survey Result: Do you agree with the Government’s plans to increase the state pension age to 68 years for both men and women?

Yes 49%

No 40%

SOURCE 3 Viewpoints Giving people the opportunity to work longer is a positive step. Having an extra few years to add to your pension fund means a more financially secure retirement. It is unrealistic for anyone to expect that after working for 30–35 years the Government should then finance a 25–35 year retirement. Every year the amount of money paid out in pensions by the Government continues to rise. The Government simply cannot afford to continue paying out more money given the current financial situation. Every other European country is having to increase its pension age. Many workers have in the past been forced to retire against their will. Most people at 65 years would be happy to work for another few years. Ross Dale Increasing the age of retirement will be a disaster. When I started working I expected to work until I was 60 years old. As a woman I have already had to accept that I must work another five years and now the Government want to increase this further. People in Britain already work longer than many other European countries. I fear that I will actually work until the day I die. It is even worse for men who tend not to live as long as women. It is not possible for workers in some jobs to carry on until they are 68 years old. It is unfair to force people to carry on working in these jobs. Why should hardworking people be forced to pay for the economic crisis caused by the banks? Mary Birch You must decide which option to recommend to the Government, either to increase the state pension age to 68 years (Option 1) or not to increase the state pension age to 68 years (Option 2). Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, which option would you choose? Give reasons to support your choice. Explain why you did not make the other choice. Your answer must be based on all the Sources. (10 marks) NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE 23 [X236/11/01] Page seventeen

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STUDY THEME 2B: CRIME AND THE LAW IN SOCIETY [You should answer all three parts of this question.] Question 4 (a) Certain crimes are more likely to be committed by young people. Describe, in detail, the types of crime some young people are more likely to commit. (6 marks)

(b)

Some people believe that prisoners should always serve their full sentence while others believe that some prisoners can be released early from prison. Explain, in detail, why some people believe that prisoners should always serve their full sentence and why others believe that some prisoners can be released early from prison. (8 marks)

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Question 4 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. You are an adviser to the Scottish Government. You have been asked to consider whether there should be a single police force in Scotland. Option 1 Scotland should have a single police force. Option 2 Scotland should not have a single police force. SOURCE 1

Facts and Viewpoints Scotland has had eight regional police forces each headed by a Chief Constable. The Scottish Government is to merge these into a single police force. • • • • • • • • • There are big differences between Scotland’s eight forces in terms of population served, area covered and resources available. Seven out of the eight Chief Constables were against the introduction of a single force. bout 25% of the policing budget, £350 million across Scotland, is spent on headquarters A functions; a single force would be more efficient and allow resources to be shared. The introduction of a single police force would lead to significant job losses for staff working in supporting roles. ertain crimes continue to rise. Many people do not have full confidence in the policing of C their local area. Different regions have different crime levels and would be better served with their own police force. ecorded crime in Scotland is at a 32-year low with a fall in many recorded crimes, showing the R present system works well. ver £1·4 billion is spent on policing in Scotland annually. The introduction of a single police O force is expected to save a large amount of money per year. The estimated cost of policing the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow is over £20 million. SOURCE 2 Estimated savings from a single police force Year 1 2 3 4 5 Yearly Saving £21,560,000 £28,126,000 £62,682,000 £108,699,000 £130,870,000 Total Savings £21,560,000 £49,686,000 £112,368,000 £221,067,000 £351,937,000

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Question 4 (c) (continued) SOURCE 2 (continued) Changes in crimes recorded by the police in Scotland, 2009–11 Crime Serious assault Robbery Number 5,615 2,557 % Change –1 +2 +5 –2 –12 –13 –12 SOURCE 3 Viewpoints Policing in Scotland must provide value for money. A single national force controlled from the centre will save money. Scotland is a small country which could easily be policed by one force. Having one national headquarters rather than eight would be more efficient. More money could then be spent on frontline services. With recorded crime at the lowest it has been for decades this is the best time to modernise Scotland’s police force. At present, resources have to be shared between forces to police big sporting events. Having a single force would mean that resources could be shared for major events more easily. A single national force could respond to large scale emergencies and terrorism more effectively. David Craig The introduction of a single centralised police force for Scotland is a bad idea. A single force will not lead to big savings. Scotland as a country has very different policing priorities in different areas. A single Scottish force cannot address this. Recorded crime is much higher in the cities than in rural areas. It is unfair that the regions of Scotland should have to contribute to big sporting events that take place in the central belt. The Scottish Government does not even have the backing of its own police chiefs in this matter. People who live in low crime areas should not have to suffer because of high crime levels in other parts of Scotland. Luke Robertson You must decide which option to recommend to the Scottish Government, either to introduce a single police force for Scotland (Option 1) or not to introduce a singe police force for Scotland (Option 2). Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, which option would you choose? Give reasons to support your choice. Explain why you did not make the other choice. Your answer must be based on all the Sources. (10 marks) [X236/11/01] NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE 23 Page twenty-one
No 54% Don’t know 12% Yes 34%

Survey Result: Do you support the proposal to combine Scotland’s current eight police forces into a single police force covering the whole country?

Housebreaking 25,017 Shoplifting Vandalism Drugs Total crimes 29,660 78,054 34,347 323,060

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SECTION C – INTERNATIONAL ISSUES Answer ONE question only: Question 5 Study Theme 3A – The Republic of South Africa OR Question 6 Study Theme 3B – The People’s Republic of China OR Question 7 Study Theme 3C – The United States of America OR Question 8 Study Theme 3D – The European Union OR Question 9 Study Theme 3E – Development in Brazil on pages 23–25 on pages 27–29 on pages 31–33 on pages 35–37 on pages 39–41

STUDY THEME 3A: THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA [You should answer all three parts of this question.]

In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from South Africa Question 5 (a) The South African Government faces criticism from a number of groups and political parties.

Describe, in detail, the criticism faced by the South African Government. (6 marks)

(b)

Many black South Africans have made social and economic progress in recent years.

Explain, in detail, why many black South Africans have made social and economic progress in recent years. (6 marks)

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Question 5 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Inequality between men and women in South Africa The South African Government is proud of its record on promoting equal opportunity. Several steps have been taken in the country to achieve gender equality, including the Employment Equity Act of 1998 and the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act of 2000. However, despite these laws, women do not always experience equality in all aspects of life. In 2010, South Africa was ranked in 12th place in the Global Gender Gap Report, down from 6th in 2009. In education, females have made considerable progress. Younger females have now overtaken males in enrolment in school and further education. This has resulted in more females achieving college and university qualifications. Progress in education should lead to improvements in employment and pay. However, although there have been some improvements made in these areas, the gender pay gap and gender inequality in the workplace remain a reality. More women are still working in low paid and unskilled work such as cleaning and domestic work compared to men. In 2010, the average monthly income for men was R3,033 and for women it was R2,340. Although women are more likely to live longer than men; due to the impact of HIV/AIDS life expectancy for both men and women has decreased. It is now 54 years for men and 55 years for women. More South African women than men are obese. This has an impact on women’s health, in particular high blood pressure and diabetes. More men smoke compared to women resulting in more men dying from lung cancer. There has also been a decrease in bronchitis among women but not men. SOURCE 2

Male and Female Enrolment in Primary, Secondary and Higher Education (2008 and 2010) 90 80 70 Percentage % 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2008 2008 2010 2010 Male Female Male Female Secondary College / University Primary

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Question 5 (c) (continued) SOURCE 2 (continued) Percentage % of Women Employed by Selected Occupations (2000 and 2010) Occupation 2000 2010 Professional 44·6% 45·3% Managers 25·3% 31·8% Skilled trade 16·1% 13·4% Clerks and office staff 66·1% 70·8% Sales and service 48·2% 52·1% Domestic workers 96·1% 96·7% SOURCE 3 Female-to-male Earnings Ratio (2006–2010) Female Income as a Percentage of Male Income 80 75 Percentage % 70 65 60 55 50 45 0 2006 2007 2008 Year 2009 2010

Chronic Health Conditions for Men and Women in South Africa TB Male High blood Heart pressure disease 11% 14% Asthma Bronchitis Diabetes 3·1% 4·4% 5·9% 4·8% 9% 15% Arthritis 12% 18%

3·5% 9%

Female 2·2% 19%

Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, what conclusions can be drawn about inequality between men and women in South Africa? You should reach conclusions about at least three of the following: • • • • inequalities in education inequalities in health inequalities in employment and earnings the overall progress of women.

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STUDY THEME 3B: THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA [You should answer all three parts of this question.]

In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from China Question 6 (a) People in China have some political rights.

Describe, in detail, political rights which people have in China. (6 marks)

(b)

China has a strong economy. Explain, in detail, why China has a strong economy. (6 marks)

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Question 6 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Inequality between Men and Women in China As the People’s Republic of China is a communist country, strong emphasis has been placed on bringing about gender equality. However, women do not always experience equality in all aspects of life. In 2010, China was ranked in 61st place out of 134 in the Global Gender Gap Report, up from 73rd place in 2007. In education, women have made considerable progress although the male literacy rate is 96% compared with the female rate of 88%. More young women than ever before are going to university and in 2010 the female enrolment rate was higher than the male figure for the first time. Progress in education should lead to improvements in employment and pay. However, although there has been progress, inequality remains. The wage gap has narrowed in recent years although men’s wages are still considerably higher than women’s. Women are now more likely to have access to better occupations. In health, women are more likely to live longer than men although the gap has narrowed from five years to four years. Over half the male population, over the age of 15, are smokers compared to only 2·4% of women of the same age. Smoking and consumption of alcohol have become much more common in Chinese society. As the country has become wealthier, diseases more often associated with affluence, such as heart disease, strokes, and cancer have become more common for men. People who drink alcohol and smoke are much more likely to suffer from one or more of these diseases. Cancer is now the leading cause of death in China. Obesity is a growing problem as China becomes richer and people consume more junk food. SOURCE 2
Male and Female Enrolment in Education (2008 and 2010) 100 Percentage % 80 60 40 20 0 Primary 2008 2010 Secondary College/University 2008 2010 2008 2010 Male Female

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Question 6 (c) (continued) SOURCE 2 (continued)
Percentage of Males and Females in Selected Occupations (2007 and 2010) 100 Percentage % 80 60 40 20 0 2007 2010 Senior Officials and Managers 2007 2010 Professional and Technical Workers Female Male

SOURCE 3 Male Causes of Death (per 100,000) Cancer Cardiovascular disease and diabetes Chronic respiratory disease 182 312 118 105 260 89 Female Female Income as a Percentage % of Male Income 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 68% 65% 64% 64% 66%

Smoking as a cause of death Annual consumption of alcohol per person (in litres)

12% 14·25

3% 6·1

Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, what conclusions can be drawn about inequality between men and women in China? You should reach conclusions about at least three of the following: • • • • inequalities in education inequalities in health inequalities in employment and earnings the overall progress of women.

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STUDY THEME 3C: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA [You should answer all three parts of this question.]

In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from the USA Question 7 (a) American citizens have many opportunities to take part in politics. Describe, in detail, ways in which American citizens can take part in politics. (6 marks)

(b)

Many Asian-Americans have made social and economic progress in recent years. Explain, in detail, why many Asian-Americans have made social and economic progress in recent years. (6 marks)

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Question 7 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Inequality between Men and Women in the USA The USA is proud of its reputation as a land of equal opportunity. However, women do not always experience equality in all aspects of life. In 2010, the USA was ranked in 19th place out of 134 in the Global Gender Gap Report, up from 31st place in 2009. In education, women have made considerable progress. Younger women have now overtaken men in achieving college and university qualifications. Progress in education should lead to improvements in employment and pay; however, this is an area where women have not had much success. In 2009, the average weekly earnings for men was over $820 while for women the figure was about $630. This difference in earnings between men and women was found across male and female workers no matter what their level of educational qualifications. It has taken women longer than men to recover from the impact of the recession. Women have higher graduation rates at all academic levels. In 2008, females of all ethnic groups age 16 to 24 had lower high school dropout rates than males. In health, women are more likely to live longer than men although the gap has narrowed in recent years from eight years to five years. More American women than men are obese. Progress in tackling different causes of death amongst women has been mixed. Mortality from heart disease, the leading cause of death for women, has fallen by 68% since 1950. However, the mortality rate for cancer, the second leading cause of death among women has only fallen by 17% since 1950 and the lung cancer death rate has risen by more than 500%. SOURCE 2 Percentage of men and women (aged 24–35) with a college or university degree, 1998–2008
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Impact of the recession and recovery on job losses (–) and gains (+) for men and women
THE RECESSION December 2007 to June 2009 THE RECOVERY June 2009 to May 2011 768,000 -218,000 -2,139,000 Women Men

Percentage %

Women Men

1998

2003

2008

-5,351,000

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Question 7 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3
Average Weekly Earnings for Women and Men by Educational Qualifications

$1,400 $1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 $0

Men Women

Less than a High school Some college high school graduates, no or associate diploma college degree

Bachelor’s degree and higher

Chronic health conditions for men and women 50% 45% 40% Heart 35% disease 30% 25% Men 20% 13% 15% 10% Women 10% 5% Using0% Sources 1,
Heart disease

Chronic Health Conditions for Men and Women Hypertension Asthma Chronic Cancer Diabetes bronchitis or emphysema 4% 6% 7% 8% 9% 7% Arthritis

24% 23%

5% 10%

17% 24%

Chronic bronchitis or emphysema

Hypertension

Diabetes

Cancer

You should reach conclusions about at least three of the following: • • • • inequalities in education inequalities in health

inequalities in employment and earnings the overall progress of women.

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Arthritis

Asthma

2 and 3 above and opposite, what conclusions can be drawn about inequality between men and women in the USA?

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STUDY THEME 3D: THE EUROPEAN UNION [You should answer all three parts of this question.] In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from European Union member states Question 8 (a) People in European Union (EU) member states benefit from the Single European Market.

Describe, in detail, ways in which people in European Union (EU) member states benefit from the Single European Market. (6 marks)

(b)

Some EU member states have called for reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

Explain, in detail, why some EU member states have called for reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). (6 marks)

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Question 8 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1

Inequality between Men and Women in the European Union A key aim of the European Union is to bring about equality between men and women in all aspects of life including health, education and in the workplace. According to the Global Gender Gap Report, some EU countries are amongst the most equal in the world with Germany in 11th place out of 134. Some of the newer countries do less well with the Czech Republic in 75th place and Estonia at 52nd place. There has been considerable progress over the years but more has to be done as inequalities still exist especially in newer member states. Although women usually live longer than men, the EU is concerned with men’s health as much as that of women’s. Although average life expectancy and quality of life have increased over the last sixty years, there are still differences between countries. Certain diseases affect men more than women. Smoking is more common among men than women in all EU countries and this has an impact on diseases such as strokes, cancer and heart disease. There has been an increase in unemployment across the EU and this has affected men more than women in some countries. When it comes to pay, women still earn less than men in every single member state of the EU although the gender pay gap is narrower in some countries compared to others. Many women are employed in part-time work and this tends to bring the average wage down. In professional occupations, women are making some progress but still lag behind men especially at boardroom level. In education, within the EU, females tend to outnumber males at college or university and in the future this may result in the gender pay gap decreasing and more women ending up in better paid jobs. In all EU states literacy rates are very similar for males and females and are at or near to 100%.

SOURCE 2 Information on Health and Life Expectancy from Selected European Countries for Men and Women Deaths per 100,000 resulting from diseases linked to smoking Lung Cancer Heart Disease Stroke

Life Expectancy in Years 2010 Male Female France Czech Rep Germany Estonia 77·4 73·4 77·3 67·3 84·4 79·8 82·1 78·5

Male Female Male Female Male Female France Czech Rep Germany Estonia 48 53 42 51 15 55 21 16 16 9 228 137 117 62 330 163 34 87 42 97 24 71 36 63

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Question 8 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Information on Education and Employment from Selected European Countries

Percentage %

Gender Pay Gap in Selected EU States (2009) 40 30 20 10 0

Percentage of Students at College or University who are female (%)
Percentage %

Fr an ce G er m an y
Percentage %

Percentage of Female Board Members of Largest Companies (%) 20 15 10 5

80 60 40 20

C z R ech ep

Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, what conclusions can be drawn about inequality between men and women in the European Union? You should reach conclusions about at least three of the following: • • • • inequalities in education inequalities in health inequality in employment and earnings the country with the greatest inequalities between males and females.

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C z R ech ep

an y

Fr a

an y

C z R ech ep
0

Es to n

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STUDY THEME 3E: DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL [You should answer all three parts of this question.] In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from Brazil Question 9 (a) Street children in Brazil face many problems.

Describe, in detail, the problems faced by street children in Brazil. (6 marks)

(b)

Brazil has become a stronger economy in recent years.

Explain, in detail, why Brazil has become a stronger economy in recent years. (6 marks)

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Question 9 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Inequality between Men and Women in Brazil Brazil is proud of its efforts to promote equal opportunity. However, the country needs to continue to make changes to give women the same rights and opportunities as men. In 2010, Brazil was ranked in 85th place out of 134 in the Global Gender Gap Report. It had been ranked in 73rd place in 2008. In education, females have made considerable progress. Younger females have now overtaken males in enrolment at school and in further education. This has resulted in more females achieving college and university qualifications. Progress in education should lead to improvements in employment and pay. However, although there have been some improvements made in these areas, the gender pay gap and gender inequality in the workplace remains a reality. Females are still working in low paid jobs such as child care workers and sewing machinists. In 2010, the average yearly income for men was $12,006 compared to $7,190 for women. In health, women are more likely to live longer than men. In 2010, life expectancy for women was 77 years and for men it was 70 years. Although women live longer than men they suffer more chronic health problems such as arthritis. More men smoke compared to women resulting in more men dying from lung cancer. However, more women are overweight compared to men which has led to more women suffering health conditions such as high blood pressure and heart disease. SOURCE 2
Male and Female Enrolment in Primary, Secondary and Higher Education (2008 and 2010) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Male

Female 2008 Secondary

Male

Female 2010

Primary

College/University

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Question 9 (c) (continued) SOURCE 2 (continued) Percentage of Women Employed by Selected Occupation (1998 and 2008) Occupation 1998 2008 Engineers Managers Police and Detectives School teachers Child care workers Sewing machinists Bank tellers 3·1% 17·1% 11·9% 88·9% 100·0% 97·0% 72·4% SOURCE 3 Female Income as a Percentage of Male Income (2006–2010) 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 0 2006 10·1% 36·6% 13·1% 81·5% 97·8% 91·9% 55·5%

Percentage %

2007

2008 Year

2009

2010

Chronic Health Conditions for Men and Women in Brazil Liver Disease Male Female 0·6% 0·2% High blood pressure 26% 32% Heart Bronchitis Diabetes disease 16% 21% 26% 16% 8% 14% Arthritis 22·1% 32·1%

Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, what conclusions can be drawn about inequality between men and women in Brazil? You should reach conclusions about at least three of the following: • • • • inequalities in education inequalities in health inequality in employment and earnings the overall progress of women.

Your conclusions must be supported by evidence from the Sources. You should compare information within and between Sources. (8 marks) NOW CHECK THAT YOU HAVE ANSWERED ONE QUESTION FROM EACH OF SECTIONS A, B AND C [END OF QUESTION PAPER] [X236/11/01] Page forty-one
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